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The War at Home
by Joe Auciello /
September 2005 issue Socialist Action
As U.S. fatalities in Iraq approach 1900, and as an ABC News/
Washington Post poll reveals a majority of Americans now believe the Bush
administration
"deliberately misled" the nation into war, the military
and political prospects for the U.S. government continue to worsen.
President Bush’s approval rating has fallen to its lowest point
ever. According to an Aug. 6 Newsweek poll, now only 34 percent agree with
Bush’s handling
of the Iraq war, and 61 percent disapprove. More importantly for the
president, he is losing the one opinion poll that matters most: This year
the volunteer army won’t recruit enough volunteers.
Testifying before a House Armed Services subcommittee, Lt. Gen.
Franklin L. Hagenbeck, the Army’s top personnel officer, said the Army, the
Army Reserve, and the Army National Guard would fail, for the first time
since 1999, to reach their annual enlistment quotas (The New York Times,
July 24, 2005).
This forecast was confirmed by the senior personnel official for the
Pentagon, David S.C. Chu, who stated, "Due to the realities of war
[that is, getting shot,
blown up, wounded, or killed] there is less encouragement today from
parents, teachers and other influencers to join the military."
Statistics bear out these reports. In the first six months of this
year, 47,121 recruits enlisted—far fewer than the Army goal of 80,000. In
April alone,
Army recruitment fell short by 42 percent. This shortage has caused
panic and outrage among the military brass. Active-duty generals are
constrained
from speaking freely, but their retired brethren have been quite
vocal in expressing their wounded sentiments.
Ret. Gen. Barry McCaffery fears the U.S. military is "starting
to unravel" (The Wall Street Journal, July 2, 2005). Charles A. Krohn,
a retired Lt. Colonel and
formerly Army deputy chief of public affairs, believes the military
is in "jeopardy" and says a "commission could consider why
recruiting incentives seem insufficient to attract today’s youth"
(Washington Post, July 3, 2005).
Others among the brass are more certain of the answers. Another
retired general, Thomas McInerney, speaking on Fox News, blamed the media for
presenting an "overly negative picture" of the Iraq war and
"scaring off potential recruits."
Press coverage trails public opinion
Certainly the mainstream media has not been able to paint a rosy
picture of the war. Typical is a front-page article in the Aug. 14
"Week in Review"
section of the Sunday New York Times, in which an Iraq-based
reporter writes, "But in this third summer of war, the American
project in Iraq has never seemed so wilted and sapped of life. It’s not
just the guerrillas, who are churning away at their relentless pace,
attacking American forces about 65 times a day. It is most everything else, too."
Of course, it is difficult to fault the U.S. media for the Bush
administration’s failure to control Iraq after defeating Saddam Hussein.
The resilience of the
insurgency there was not created by the American press, who had
little choice but to report what could not be denied.
Since only 40 percent now believe the U.S. is "making
progress" in Iraq, according to the Aug. 6 Newsweek poll, and 50
percent believe the U.S. is "losing ground," it seems more likely
that press coverage of the war—favorable at first but now more critical—is
only following the tide of public opinion.
And public opinion cannot be manufactured on order of the generals,
as much as they would wish it so. Yet, the military does try. Army Reserve
officer Philip
Carter, writing in the July 6 New York Times, believes that the
American people simply need a good scolding. "Young Americans (and their parents)," Carter wrote,
"need to be told that they have a duty to shoulder the burden of
military service when our nation is at war, and that doing so is essential
for the preservation of freedom and democracy at home and abroad."
But the public has already been told. Speaking at Fort Bragg on June
28, President Bush claimed there is "no higher calling than service in
our armed forces." The problem for the military is that while young
Americans are hearing the call, they are increasingly reluctant to answer
it. Many young people may have no principled opposition to the Iraq war,
but they have no enthusiasm for it, either. They are not eager to enlist.
Speaking to Boston Globe reporters, teens from working-class towns
in Massachusetts spoke of the war as an "unappealing option"
(July 5, 2005). One young man said, "It doesn’t seem fun or
interesting to be going over to Iraq to fight people and kill them. And the
whole thought of dying when you’re 18 sounds pretty bad." Another teen
said, "I respect what the military does, but I don’t think I’m the one
to do it." A 16-year-old added, "My mom said I’m not
allowed."
The Pentagon’s bureaucratic reshuffling of troops to Iraq has not
been sufficient. In 2004 more than 60,000 soldiers were quietly reassigned
to Iraq from Europe and South Korea. National Guard units saw their tour of
duty extended. Soldiers who had been discharged have been involuntarily
reactivated.
The Army has ordered its field commanders to cease discharging
soldiers for alcohol and drug use. The age of enlistment has been raised.
Yet none of these measures has compensated for the lack of recruits.
The economic draft
Faced with these problems, the military, backed by Congress, has
responded aggressively and with at least temporary success. The Army has
put 1200 additional recruiters on the streets for the summer. Recruitment
even extends to the U.S. protectorates of Guam, Saipan, and Samoa.
According to the July 31 New York Times, "The Army has found fertile
ground in the poverty pockets of the Pacific," where per capita income
can be as low as $2000.
As enlistments decline, monetary incentives increase. The Army minimum signing bonus is $5000
and could reach $20,000 for high-demand jobs. The Army’s new package of
incentives, including loan repayment programs and college grants, could
reach up to $104,000 for a recruit.
The result is that in June the Army finally was able to meet its
enlistment goals and is likely to repeat its success rate in July. But a
consequence is that
the volunteer army is becoming a mercenary army. And already the
Iraq War comes with a financial cost of $5 billion a month.
The U.S. military could solve their shortage of soldiers by
re-instituting a draft, but Congress in 2004 overwhelmingly defeated a
legislative measure for
a draft that had been proposed by Democratic Congressman Charles
Rangel and Senator Fritz Hollings.
The reason is simple enough. The political cost of a draft would be
too high and too risky—a draft would turn passive supporters of the Iraq
war into active opponents and would re-ignite the antiwar movement.
The U.S. government derives enormous political advantage in claiming
that soldiers stationed in Iraq had all volunteered for service in the
armed forces.
But for all practical purposes, a de facto military draft already
exists. Like the draft of 40 years ago, its burden falls disproportionately
on the poor, on
African Americans, and Latinos. The driving force of this draft is
not the law but lack of opportunity. As jobs disappear and as education
costs soar, the military becomes the way out for youth with the fewest
choices.
Recruiters prey on the poor with promises of cash, education, job
training, even mortgage payments. Some money is delivered up front, while
the risk of
dismemberment and death lurks around the corner. So, those who can,
go to college or land a good-paying job; those who can’t, go to the Army
and land in Iraq. In this war, it’s
a draft of class and color.
An in-depth profile of one military family makes this conclusion
quite clear: "[Jeff Sorenson] had enlisted after disappointing jobs at
Wal-Mart and Subway, and Sorenson was drawn by the $5000 enlistment bonus,
the
$150 monthly training pay and the tuition assistance. … In Williston
[North Dakota], where the median household income is less than $30, 000,
the money mattered" (The New York Times, July 4, 2005).
The ruling powers in America present military service as a fine
opportunity for young men and women who are poor and who are desperate to
seize some chance for a better future. But the choice between a certain
dead-end job at home and a potential death in Iraq is a cynical choice, at
best. More and more, Republicans and Democrats and their con artists in
uniform are finding that this shell game is a tough sell.
For the last two years the Pew Research Center has asked respondents
if people they know are becoming less invested with the Iraq war. In May
2004 only 26 percent answered yes; a year later that number had risen to 44
percent. A June 2005 Gallup poll showed that only 52 percent of parents
would support their child’s decision to enlist, a much smaller percentage
than in previous years.
The Army brass has good reason to worry. The tide of public opinion
is shifting against the war. In July, both the National Education
Association and the
AFL-CIO, for the first time, passed resolutions against the war and
urging withdrawal of U.S. troops.
Dissident voices are raised not only by Cindy Sheehan and other
mothers outside Bush’s ranch in Crawford, Texas, but all across the
country. Mimi Evans, a mother whose Marine son is soon to be shipped out to
Falluja, is typical of the emerging majority. Evans recently told a meeting
at Cape Cod Community College, "The best way to support the troops and
protect my son and your daughters is to get them the hell out of
there now."
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